Tag Archives: electrospinning

Biomedical

Electrospun Wound Dressing: A Breakthrough in Advanced Wound Healing

Posted on by Vicente Zaragozá
wound-dressing-electrospinning
02
Jun

Electrospinning has emerged as a transformative technology for designing next-generation wound dressings. The unique ability of this technique to produce nanofiber-based scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) has positioned it at the forefront of biomedical research. As chronic wounds, burns, and post-surgical injuries demand increasingly sophisticated care, electrospun wound dressings offer unmatched potential for accelerating healing, preventing infections, and delivering therapeutic agents in a controlled manner.

The Clinical Challenge in Wound Care

Chronic and acute wounds remain a significant clinical burden, particularly among aging populations and individuals with diabetes, vascular disease, or immunocompromised states. Conventional dressings often fail to provide optimal moisture retention, mechanical protection, or antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, they rarely support cellular activities required for tissue regeneration.

In contrast, nanofiber wound dressing systems can be engineered to address these limitations through structural mimicry of native tissue, functional loading with bioactive compounds, and controlled drug release. The growing body of research and innovation in biomedical electrospinning highlights the urgent need for advanced wound dressing materials.

human skin wound

View of a human skin wound.

Benefits of Electrospun Nanofibers for Wound Care

Electrospinning enables the production of continuous fibers with diameters ranging from tens of nanometers to a few micrometers, offering several biomedical advantages:

Mimicking the Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

The fibrous architecture of electrospun mats closely resembles the ECM, providing a favorable environment for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. This promotes effective re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation.

Tunable Porosity and Moisture Control

By adjusting parameters such as voltage, flow rate, and polymer concentration, the porosity of the electrospun membrane can be finely tuned. This facilitates gas exchange while preventing bacterial infiltration, which is vital for wound healing.

Functionalization with Bioactive Agents

Nanofiber scaffolds can be functionalized with antimicrobial agents, growth factors, and anti-inflammatory drugs, enabling drug-loaded electrospun fibers that actively participate in the healing process rather than serving as passive barriers.

Mechanical Adaptability

Electrospun mats can be designed with elasticity and strength suitable for various anatomical sites, from joints to pressure points, enhancing patient comfort and compliance.

 

Polymeric Systems and Functionalization Strategies

The choice of polymers significantly influences the properties and functionality of electrospun wound dressings. Both synthetic and natural polymers are employed, often in blends to balance biocompatibility, degradability, and mechanical performance.

Synthetic Polymers for Structural Integrity

Polymers such as polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and polyurethane (PU) are frequently used due to their mechanical robustness and processability. These materials ensure the scaffold maintains structural integrity over time.

Biopolymers for Antimicrobial Effect and Bioactivity

Natural polymers, including collagen, gelatin, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid, offer inherent bioactivity. Biopolymer wound dressing systems leverage these materials to introduce antimicrobial and hemostatic properties.

For instance, chitosan is widely recognized for its antimicrobial properties and has been incorporated into nanofibrous matrices to enhance wound healing efficacy PubMed source.

 

Drug Delivery and Bioactive Capabilities

Electrospinning facilitates controlled drug release by embedding pharmaceuticals within or on the surface of the nanofibers. This delivery mode ensures a sustained release at the wound site, improving therapeutic outcomes and reducing systemic side effects.

Release Kinetics and Porosity Design

By modulating the polymer composition and fiber morphology, researchers can customize release profiles ranging from burst release to prolonged delivery over several days or weeks. Porosity design plays a critical role in mediating this process and can be optimized for different wound types and stages.

Multi-drug and Layered Systems

Advanced configurations such as core–shell nanofibers, multilayered mats, and coaxial spinning enable incorporation of multiple drugs with staggered release kinetics. This is especially valuable in treating infected wounds or those requiring both antimicrobial and regenerative agents.

Examples include loading electrospun mats with silver nanoparticles for antibacterial effects alongside vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for tissue regeneration ScienceDirect source.

Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF A) protein molecule

Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF A) protein molecule. Cartoon representation combined with semi transparent surfaces.

Clinical Potential and Future Perspectives

The translation of electrospinning for biomedical applications from bench to bedside is accelerating. Several preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials highlight the promising outcomes of wound healing scaffolds based on electrospun materials.

Regulatory Considerations

Despite the promise, regulatory hurdles persist. Sterilization techniques, reproducibility of fiber architecture, and scalability for mass production are key challenges. However, platforms like Fluidnatek® electrospinning systems are designed to meet Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) requirements, easing the path to commercialization.

Personalized and Smart Dressings

Future directions point toward personalized wound care solutions, integrating biosensors for real-time monitoring, stimuli-responsive drug release, and AI-assisted design of scaffold parameters based on wound morphology.

Innovative research in wound healing biomaterials is increasingly leveraging machine learning and big data analytics to fine-tune material properties for individualized therapy.

 

Conclusion: From Research to Clinical Application

Electrospun wound dressings are reshaping the landscape of wound management. Their unique combination of biomimetic structure, bioactivity, and versatility makes them ideal candidates for a wide range of clinical applications—from diabetic ulcers to battlefield injuries.

As the field progresses, the synergy between material science, bioengineering, and medical practice will drive the development of even more effective solutions.

Are you exploring advanced wound care materials? Discover how Fluidnatek’s electrospinning platforms help design, test and scale biomedical nanofiber dressings tailored to your research or product needs. Explore our biomedical electrospinning solutions.

 

References

  1. Chouhan, D., & Mandal, B. B. Silk biomaterials in wound healing and skin regeneration therapeutics: From bench to bedside. Acta Biomaterialia, 2020, 103, 24–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.050
  2. Boateng, J. S., Matthews, K. H., Stevens, H. N. E., & Eccleston, G. M. Wound healing dressings and drug delivery systems: A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2008, 97(8), 2892–2923. DOI: 10.1002/jps.21210
  3. Zhang, Y. Z., Venugopal, J., Huang, Z. M., Lim, C. T., & Ramakrishna, S. Crosslinking of the electrospun gelatin nanofibers. Polymer, 2006, 47(8), 2911–2917. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.02.046
  4. Li, X., Kanjwal, M. A., Lin, L., & Chronakis, I. S. Electrospun polyvinyl-alcohol nanofibers as oral fast-dissolving delivery system of caffeine and riboflavin. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2013, 103, 182–188. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.10.023
  5. Zhang, H., He, P., Kang, Y., & Wang, L. Electrospun composite nanofibers for functional wound dressings: A review. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 2022, 52(2), 1–30. DOI: 10.1177/15280837221106633
  6. Chen, S., Li, R., Li, X., Xie, J. Electrospinning: An enabling nanotechnology platform for drug delivery and regenerative medicine. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2018, 132, 188–213. DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.002
  7. Khorshidi, S., Karkhaneh, A., A review on nanofiber scaffolds for wound healing applications. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2018, 106(9), 2530–2545. DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36483
  8. Yarin, A. L. Coaxial electrospinning and emulsion electrospinning of core–shell fibers. Polymer, 2011, 52(9), 2029–2044. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.02.042
Novel materials & Sensors

Electrospun Membrane Hydrophilicity: Materials & Methods

Posted on by Vicente Zaragozá
Electrospun Membrane Hydrophilicity copia
19
May

Electrospun membrane hydrophilicity represents a critical property that significantly influences their performance across various applications. When fabricating nanofibrous materials through electrospinning, controlling surface wettability becomes essential for optimizing functionality in fields ranging from biomedical engineering to environmental remediation.

Hydrophilic membranes facilitate fluid transport, enhance cell adhesion, improve filtration efficiency, and promote biomolecule immobilization—making them particularly valuable in tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, and water treatment processes.

The ability to precisely engineer membrane hydrophilicity through careful selection of materials, processing parameters, and post-fabrication treatments has positioned electrospinning as a versatile technique for creating application-specific fibrous structures.

This article explores the fundamental concepts, methodologies, and applications related to hydrophilic electrospun nanofibers, providing insights for researchers and industry professionals seeking to leverage these advanced materials.

What is Membrane Hydrophilicity?

Membrane hydrophilicity refers to the affinity of a membrane surface for water molecules. This property is governed by the chemical composition and physical structure of the membrane surface, which determine its interaction with water through hydrogen bonding and other molecular forces.

Measuring Hydrophilicity

The most common method for quantifying membrane hydrophilicity is the water contact angle measurement. This technique involves placing a water droplet on the membrane surface and measuring the angle formed between the surface and the tangent line at the droplet’s edge:

  • Contact angle > 150°: Indicates a superhydrophobic surface with minimal contact area
  • Contact angle > 90°: Indicates a hydrophobic surface where water tends to bead up
  • Contact angle < 90°: Indicates a hydrophilic surface where water spreads more readily
  • Contact angle < 10°: Indicates a superhydrophilic surface with excellent wetting properties

The water contact angle of a nanofiber membrane is a key indicator of nanofiber membrane hydrophilicity, influenced by both the polymer’s chemical composition and the fibrous network’s physical architecture.

Hidrophilicity_plasma

Contact angle comparison of scaffolds with and without plasma treatment. Data are mean ± standard error of the mean, n = 3; *p<0.05. [Zhu et al. PLoS ONE 2015; 10(7): e0134729. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134729. cc by 4.0].

Factors Affecting Hydrophilicity

Several factors influence the hydrophilicity of electrospun membranes:

  1. Chemical composition: The presence of hydrophilic functional groups (hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, etc.) on the polymer backbone increases water affinity
  2. Surface roughness: Nanoscale roughness can either enhance or reduce wettability depending on the baseline hydrophilicity of the material
  3. Porosity: Higher porosity typically increases the effective surface area available for water interaction
  4. Fiber diameter: Smaller fiber diameters generally correlate with increased hydrophilicity due to higher specific surface area
  5. Surface energy: Materials with higher surface energy tend to exhibit greater hydrophilicity

Understanding these factors allows researchers to strategically design electrospun nanofibers with tailored wetting properties for specific applications.

How Electrospinning Affects Hydrophilicity

The electrospinning process plays a pivotal role in surface wettability control by influencing fiber formation, polymer orientation, and surface morphology, ultimately determining the final hydrophilicity of electrospun membranes.

Material Selection Impact

The choice of polymer is the primary determinant of membrane hydrophilicity. Common polymers used in electrospinning can be categorized based on their inherent hydrophilicity:

Hydrophilic Polymers:

Hydrophobic Polymers:

PolyVinyl Alcohol (PVA)

PolyCaproLactone (PCL)

PolyEthylene Oxide (PEO)

PolyLactic Acid (PLA)

PolyAcrylic Acid (PAA)

PolyStyrene (PS)

PolyVinylPyrrolidone (PVP)

Poly (Methyl MethAcrylate) (PMMA)

Natural polymers (gelatin, collagen, chitosan)

PolyVinyliDene Fluoride (PVDF)

Electrospinning Parameters

Various electrospinning parameters directly influence the wettability of the resulting membranes:

  • Solution concentration: Higher polymer concentrations typically yield fibers with larger diameters and potentially lower hydrophilicity
  • Applied voltage: Affects fiber morphology and surface roughness, indirectly influencing wetting behavior
  • Flow rate: Can impact fiber diameter and membrane porosity
  • Collector distance: Influences solvent evaporation and fiber crystallinity
  • Environmental conditions: Humidity and temperature affect solvent evaporation rates and subsequent fiber properties

Research has shown that optimizing these parameters can produce membranes with controlled hydrophilicity even when using inherently hydrophobic polymers. For instance, Li et al. (2019) demonstrated that reducing the flow rate from 1.5 mL/h to 0.5 mL/h when electrospinning PVDF resulted in fibers with smaller diameters and increased surface area, decreasing the water contact angle from 142° to 128°.

Similarly, Zhu et al. (2021) reported that increasing applied voltage from 12 kV to 18 kV during PCL electrospinning created fibers with enhanced surface roughness that, when combined with plasma treatment, achieved a 40% greater improvement in hydrophilicity compared to fibers produced at lower voltages.

Surface Modification Approaches

Surface modification techniques are widely employed to enhance the hydrophilicity of electrospun membranes:

  1. Plasma treatment: Low-temperature plasma exposure introduces oxygen-containing functional groups on the fiber surface, significantly improving hydrophilicity without affecting bulk properties
  2. Chemical treatment: Alkaline hydrolysis or acid treatment can cleave polymer chains to create hydrophilic functional groups
  3. UV irradiation: Initiates photochemical reactions that introduce hydrophilic groups on polymer surfaces
  4. Coaxial electrospinning: Creates core-shell fibers with hydrophilic exteriors and hydrophobic interiors for multifunctional properties
  5. Blend electrospinning: Incorporates hydrophilic polymers or additives into primarily hydrophobic polymer solutions
  6. Surface coating: Post-fabrication application of hydrophilic agents like polyethylene glycol (PEG) or hydrophilic polymers

These approaches enable precise control over surface wettability while maintaining the mechanical integrity and bulk properties of the electrospun membrane.

Applications of Hydrophilic Electrospun Membranes

The enhanced wettability of hydrophilic electrospun membranes makes them particularly valuable across diverse applications:

Biomedical Applications

Tissue Engineering:

  • Improved cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration on hydrophilic scaffold surfaces
  • Enhanced nutrient transport and waste removal in three-dimensional tissue constructs
  • Better mimicry of the natural extracellular matrix environment

Drug Delivery:

  • More efficient loading of hydrophilic drugs
  • Controlled release profiles due to improved interaction with aqueous environments
  • Improved biocompatibility and reduced foreign body response

Wound Dressing:

  • Superior absorption of wound exudates
  • Maintenance of a moist healing environment
  • Facilitated delivery of therapeutic agents to wound sites

Environmental Applications

Water Filtration:

  • Electrospun hydrophilic membranes enable enhanced removal of contaminants through improved interaction with water, making them ideal for advanced filtration systems. Reduced fouling due to hydrophilic surface properties
  • Higher flux rates compared to hydrophobic membranes

Oil-Water Separation:

  • Selective permeation of water through hydrophilic membranes while rejecting oil
  • Self-cleaning properties that reduce maintenance requirements
  • Sustainable approach to treating industrial wastewater

Sensor Technologies

Biosensors:

  • Improved immobilization of biomolecules on hydrophilic surfaces
  • Enhanced sensitivity and response times due to better interaction with aqueous analytes
  • Reduced non-specific binding and improved selectivity

Case Studies and Recent Research

Recent advances in hydrophilic electrospun membrane development highlight the ongoing innovation in this field:

Case Study 1: Superhydrophilic Nanofibers for Oil-Water Separation

Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) led by Wang et al. (2020) developed a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber membrane with superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic properties. By optimizing electrospinning parameters and subsequent alkaline hydrolysis, they achieved a water contact angle near zero while maintaining excellent mechanical strength. The membrane demonstrated 99.8% separation efficiency for various oil-water mixtures with high flux rates (>5.000 L/m²·h) and anti-fouling properties, retaining over 95% of its initial flux after ten cycles of operation. This work, published in the Journal of Membrane Science, represents a significant advancement in sustainable water treatment technologies.

Case Study 2: Biomimetic Electrospun Membranes for Tissue Engineering

A team from the National University of Singapore created a biomimetic hydrophilic scaffold using a blend of PCL and gelatin. The electrospun nanofibers exhibited a water contact angle of approximately 45°, compared to 135° for pure PCL membranes. The optimized hydrophilicity significantly enhanced human dermal fibroblast attachment, proliferation, and extracellular matrix production, making these membranes promising candidates for skin tissue engineering applications.

Recent Research Advances

Several cutting-edge approaches to controlling membrane hydrophilicity have emerged in recent literature:

  • Stimuli-responsive membranes: Electrospun materials that can switch between hydrophilic and hydrophobic states in response to environmental triggers (pH, temperature, light)
  • Gradient hydrophilicity: Membranes with spatially varying wettability to guide cell migration or fluid flow
  • Janus membranes: Asymmetric membranes with hydrophilic and hydrophobic faces for directional fluid transport
  • Mineral-incorporated nanofibers: Integration of hydrophilic nanoparticles (silica, hydroxyapatite) to enhance surface wettability while adding functionality

These innovations demonstrate the continuing evolution of hydrophilic electrospun membrane technology and its expanding applications.

The Future of Hydrophilic Electrospun Membranes

As research in electrospun nanofibers continues to advance, several promising directions are emerging for hydrophilic membrane development:

  1. Sustainable materials: Increased focus on biodegradable and bio-based polymers with inherent hydrophilicity
  2. Multifunctional membranes: Integration of hydrophilicity with other properties like antimicrobial activity or electrical conductivity
  3. Precision engineering: Finer control over hydrophilicity gradients and patterns within a single membrane
  4. Scalable production: Development of industrial-scale processes for manufacturing consistent hydrophilic membranes
  5. Computational modeling: Advanced simulation tools to predict and optimize hydrophilicity based on material and process parameters

These advancements will further expand the utility of hydrophilic electrospun membranes across existing and emerging applications.

Conclusion

The hydrophilicity of electrospun membranes represents a critical parameter that significantly influences their performance across numerous applications. By carefully selecting materials, optimizing processing parameters, and applying surface modification techniques, researchers can precisely control membrane hydrophilicity to meet specific application requirements.

The versatility of electrospinning as a fabrication technique, combined with the numerous approaches available for enhancing surface wettability, has positioned hydrophilic electrospun membranes as valuable materials for addressing challenges in healthcare, environmental protection, and advanced manufacturing. As research continues to advance, we can anticipate further innovations in this dynamic field.

Looking to tailor electrospun membrane hydrophilicity for your application? Discover how Fluidnatek’s platforms enable electrospinning surface wettability control and precise fabrication of electrospun hydrophilic membranes, tailored to your application requirements. Our technology allows for reproducible fabrication of hydrophilic nanofibrous materials optimized for your specific requirements.

 

References

  1. Ahmed, F. E., Lalia, B. S., & Hashaikeh, R. (2015). A review on electrospinning for membrane fabrication: Challenges and applications. Desalination, 356, 15-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.09.033
  2. Bhardwaj, N., & Kundu, S. C. (2010). Electrospinning: A fascinating fiber fabrication technique. Biotechnology Advances, 28(3), 325-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.01.004
  3. Haider, A., Haider, S., & Kang, I. K. (2018). A comprehensive review summarizing the effect of electrospinning parameters and potential applications of nanofibers in biomedical and biotechnology. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 11(8), 1165-1188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.11.015
  4. Liu, M., Duan, X. P., Li, Y. M., Yang, D. P., & Long, Y. Z. (2017). Electrospun nanofibers for wound healing. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 76, 1413-1423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.034
  5. Liao, Y., Wang, R., Tian, M., Qiu, C., & Fane, A. G. (2018). Fabrication of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofiber membranes by electro-spinning for direct contact membrane distillation. Journal of Membrane Science, 30-39, 425-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.09.023
  6. Desmet, T., Morent, R., De Geyter, N., Leys, C., Schacht, E., & Dubruel, P. (2009). Nonthermal plasma technology as a versatile strategy for polymeric biomaterials surface modification: A review. Biomacromolecules, 10(9), 2351-2378. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm900186s
  7. Konwarh, R., Karak, N., & Misra, M. (2017). Electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibers: The present status and gamut of biotechnological applications. Biotechnology Advances, 31(4), 421-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.01.002
  8. Li, X., Wang, C., & Yang, Y. (2019). Influence of electrospinning parameters on hydrophilicity of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride nanofiber membranes. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136(22), 47585. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47585
  9. Zhu, M., Han, J., Wang, F., Shao, W., & Xiong, R. (2021). Electrospun nanofibers with controlled hydrophilicity for high-efficiency oil-water separation. Separation and Purification Technology, 264, 118383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118383
  10. Wang, K., Abdalla, A. A., Khaleel, M. A., Hilal, N., & Khraisheh, M. K. (2020). Superhydrophilic electrospun PAN nanofiber membranes with hierarchical structures for efficient oil-water separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 612, 118465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118465
Biomedical

Cancer Detection and Diagnosis Using Electrospun Fibers

Posted on by Vicente Zaragozá
Cancer detection electrospun fibers
15
May

The early detection and accurate diagnosis of cancer remain critical challenges in modern healthcare. Despite technological advances, many cancers are still diagnosed at late stages, compromising treatment effectiveness and patient survival rates. But electrospun fibers have a lot to say on this subject.

Among the innovative technologies being developed, electrospun fibers have emerged as revolutionary materials for creating highly sensitive biosensors and diagnostic platforms.

This article explores how electrospun nanofibers are transforming cancer detection through enhanced sensitivity, specificity, and rapid response times.

Electrospun Fibers: What They Are and How They Work

Electrospun fibers are ultrafine filaments produced through a versatile technique called electrospinning, which utilizes electrical forces to draw charged threads from polymer solutions or melts. The resulting fibers typically have diameters ranging from nanometers to micrometers, creating materials with exceptional characteristics due to their resemblance to human tissues, ideal for biomedical applications, particularly cancer biosensing.

The electrospinning process involves:

  1. A polymer solution loaded into a syringe with a metal needle
  2. One or more high-voltage power supplies (typically 5-30 kV)
  3. A grounded or negatively charged collector plate or rotating mandrel
  4. Precise environmental control (temperature, humidity)

When voltage is applied, the polymer solution becomes charged, and when electrostatic repulsion overcomes surface tension, a jet erupts from the needle tip. As this jet travels toward the collector, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind solid polymer fibers that form a non-woven mesh or membrane.

These electrospun nanofibers exhibit several key properties that make them exceptional for cancer detection:

  • Extremely high surface-to-volume ratio, enhancing biomarker capture efficiency
  • Tunable porosity for controlled molecular interactions
  • Customizable fiber diameter and orientation
  • Ability to incorporate functional materials (antibodies, enzymes, nanoparticles)
  • Three-dimensional architecture that mimics the extracellular matrix (ECM)

Fluidnatek’s electrospinning technology enables precise adjustment of fiber diameter, porosity, and surface chemistry—attributes crucial for creating effective biosensors that are sensitive, cost-effective, and suitable for point-of-care testing.

Applications of Electrospun Fibers in Cancer Detection

The versatility of electrospun fibers has enabled their integration into multiple cancer detection platforms. These applications leverage the unique structural and functional properties of nanofibers to identify cancer biomarkers with unprecedented sensitivity.

Some of these applications include:

Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds for Cancer Cell Detection

Early detection of cancer cells can dramatically improve patient outcomes. Traditional diagnostic methods often lack the sensitivity to detect low-abundance biomarkers in bodily fluids. Electrospun nanofibers address this limitation by providing:

  • A three-dimensional architecture that mimics the extracellular matrix (ECM), supporting cell adhesion and growth
  • The ability to be functionalized with biomolecular probes (such as antibodies or aptamers) for high selectivity toward cancer-specific markers

For instance, studies have demonstrated that nanofiber membranes functionalized with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted ligands can selectively capture prostate cancer cells from mixed populations. These captured cells can then be analyzed using fluorescence imaging or molecular assays, resulting in improved detection speed and accuracy compared to conventional methods.

Cancer_detection

Fluorescence pictures of cancer biomarkers on electrospun PS substrates obtained by an inverted fluorescence microscope (200×). (A) AFP (DyLight 488, green), (B) CEA (DyLight 405, blue), (C) VEGF (DyLight 649, red); (a-c) light field, (d-f) fluorescence field, (g-i) superposition view of the two fields. Wang et al (2013) PLoS ONE 2013; 8(12): e82888.

Functionalization Strategies for Selective Detection

Functionalizing electrospun membranes is essential for selective cancer cell detection. Several techniques have proven effective:

  • Surface Chemistry Engineering: Methods such as plasma treatment, chemical grafting, and layer-by-layer deposition provide precise control over surface properties. For instance, membranes modified with antibodies against PSMA show high specificity for prostate cancer cells.
  • Multiplexed Detection: Advanced approaches integrate multiple biomarkers onto a single electrospun membrane, enabling simultaneous detection of various cancer types. This multiplexing is particularly valuable when cancer markers overlap across different tumor types, enhancing diagnostic accuracy.

Integration into Microfluidic Systems

Combining electrospun nanofibers with microfluidic chips allows for the development of compact diagnostic devices capable of real-time cancer monitoring. These lab-on-a-chip systems integrate sample processing, detection, and data analysis, making them ideal for point-of-care applications in clinical settings or resource-limited environments.

Case Studies and Recent Advances

Circulating Tumor Cell Capture Using Electrospun Platforms

CTCs, (Circulating tumor cells) are cancer cells that detach from primary tumors and enter the bloodstream, playing a critical role in the metastatic spread of cancer. Their detection and isolation offer valuable insights for early diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized treatment strategies. Electrospun fiber meshes, particularly when functionalized with tumor-specific antibodies (such as anti-EpCAM), have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in capturing these rare cells directly from blood samples.

The unique architecture of electrospun nanofibers—featuring high surface-area-to-volume ratios, tunable porosity, and a 3D interconnected structure—creates an optimal microenvironment for cell capture. These characteristics enable greater interaction between the fibers and flowing blood, increasing the likelihood of CTC adhesion. Recent studies have shown that well-engineered electrospun platforms can achieve capture rates exceeding 90%, significantly outperforming conventional flat-surface or microfluidic-based systems. In one of them, published by Lab on a Chip by Chen, L., et al. (2017), the researchers developed a microfluidic device integrated with electrospun poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofibers functionalized with anti-EpCAM antibodies.

The high surface area and 3D structure of the nanofibers significantly enhanced the contact between the target cells and the capture surface. The platform achieved capture efficiencies above 90% for EpCAM-positive CTCs in spiked blood samples. The system also maintained high viability of captured cells, enabling downstream analysis.

Functionalization plays a key role in the capture mechanism: antibodies or aptamers immobilized on the nanofiber surfaces selectively bind to antigens expressed on CTC membranes. As blood flows through or across the fibrous mat, CTCs are selectively retained, while most normal blood cells pass through. This specificity and efficiency make electrospun platforms highly promising for liquid biopsy applications and real-time cancer monitoring.

Applications in Liquid Biopsy

Liquid biopsy, a minimally invasive technique analyzing biomarkers from blood, is transforming cancer diagnostics. Electrospun fibers enhance this approach by serving as solid-phase platforms to capture rare cancer cells or exosomes from complex fluids.

A groundbreaking study published in PLoS ONE by Wang et al. (2013) demonstrated the use of electrospun polystyrene (PS) substrates for detecting multiple cancer biomarkers simultaneously. The researchers successfully detected alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using fluorescence microscopy on functionalized nanofiber scaffolds, showing the potential for multiplexed cancer detection on a single platform.

Multi-Biomarker Detection Systems

Recent advances in electrospinning for cancer detection have led to the development of systems capable of detecting multiple biomarkers simultaneously. For example, researchers have created electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers functionalized with different antibodies that can detect breast cancer markers like HER2, ER, and PR from a single sample, enabling more accurate subtyping of breast cancers.

Smart Responsive Nanofibers

“Smart” responsive materials have been incorporated into electrospun nanofibers to create visual detection systems. A notable example is the development of pH-responsive polymeric nanofibers that change color in the presence of metabolic byproducts from cancer cells, enabling naked-eye detection without sophisticated equipment.

Advantages of Electrospun Fibers Over Other Cancer Detection Technologies

We must emphasize that electrospun nanofibers offer several significant advantages over conventional cancer detection technologies:

Enhanced Sensitivity and Lower Detection Limits

The high surface-to-volume ratio of electrospun fibers dramatically increases the density of biorecognition elements, improving sensitivity. Comparative studies show that electrospun membranes outperform traditional diagnostic materials such as flat films or hydrogels in several ways:

  • Faster cell capture kinetics
  • Improved detection limits (down to sub-nanomolar concentrations)
  • Lower sample volume requirements
  • Enhanced mechanical stability for repeated use

Improved Specificity Through Surface Modification

The surface of electrospun nanofibers can be easily modified with multiple recognition elements (antibodies, aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers) to enhance specificity and reduce false positives. This multi-recognition approach has been particularly effective in distinguishing between closely related cancer subtypes.

Point-of-Care Applicability

Unlike many conventional cancer detection systems that require specialized laboratory equipment, electrospun fiber-based biosensors can be designed for point-of-care use. Their flexible, portable nature makes them suitable for use in clinics, remote areas, or even home-based monitoring systems.

Cost-Effectiveness and Scalability

Clearly, the electrospinning process is relatively simple and cost-effective compared to other nanofabrication techniques. The equipment required is less expensive than that needed for techniques like photolithography or electron beam lithography, making electrospun nanofiber technologies more accessible for widespread implementation in cancer diagnostics.

External Validation and Scientific Support

A review published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces2 confirms that nanofiber-based platforms enhance biosensing sensitivity by closely mimicking biological microenvironments. This external validation supports the growing adoption of electrospun fibers for next-generation cancer diagnostics.

Challenges and Future Directions in Electrospun Biosensors

Despite promising progress, several challenges must be addressed to translate electrospun fiber biosensors from laboratory research to clinical practice:

  • Scalability: Ensuring reproducibility across production batches
  • Regulatory compliance: Thorough assessment of biocompatibility and toxicity
  • Long-term stability: Maintaining membrane sensitivity over extended periods

Current research in electrospinning biomedical applications is focused on:

  1. Smart polymers that respond to specific biomolecular interactions
  2. Real-time readout electronics for continuous monitoring
  3. AI-based data analysis to improve diagnostic accuracy
  4. Biodegradable nanofibrous scaffolds for in vivo cancer sensing
  5. Multi-functional nanofibers that combine detection with therapeutic agent delivery

As these technologies mature, we can expect increasingly sensitive, specific, and user-friendly cancer diagnostic tools based on electrospun nanofibers.

Conclusion: The Future of Cancer Detection Using Electrospun Fibers

Electrospun fibers represent a revolutionary approach to cancer detection and diagnosis, offering unprecedented sensitivity, specificity, and versatility. Their unique structural properties and adaptability make them ideal platforms for developing next-generation cancer biosensors.

As research advances and clinical validation progresses, these electrospun nanofibers will likely play an increasingly important role in early cancer detection efforts, potentially transforming patient outcomes through earlier intervention.

The continued development of electrospinning for cancer detection exemplifies how advanced materials science can address critical healthcare challenges, bridging the gap between laboratory innovation and clinical application. By enabling earlier and more accurate diagnoses—potentially even before symptoms arise—electrospun membranes are poised to become a cornerstone in personalized cancer diagnostics.

If your research team is exploring electrospun nanofibers for biosensor development or cancer diagnostic applications, contact Fluidnatek to learn how our advanced electrospinning technologies can support your research and scale-up efforts. Our precision platforms empower researchers to develop tailored solutions for complex biomedical challenges, from proof-of-concept to commercial scalability.

References

  1. Zhang N, Deng Y, Tai Q, et al. (2012). Electrospun TiO2 Nanofiber-Based Cell Capture Assay for Detecting Circulating Tumor Cells from Colorectal and Gastric Cancer Patients. Advanced Materials. 24(20):2756-2760. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22528884/
  2. Wang X, Wang G, Liu G, et al. (2002). Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Highly Sensitive Optical Sensors. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 8(41):28150-28155. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10269 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/nl020216u
  3. Huang, Z-M., Zhang, Y-Z., Kotaki, M., & Ramakrishna, S. (2003). A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites. Composites Science and Technology, 63(15), 2223–2253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00178-7
  4. Noh, H., Lee, S. H., & Kim, J. (2020). Recent advances in nanofiber-based biosensors for biomedical applications. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 148, 111800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2019.111800
  5. Liu, Y., et al. (2020). Electrospun nanofibers for sensors and wearable electronics: a review. Materials Today, 41, 168–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2020.08.005
  6. Jiang, Y., et al. (2017). Electrospun nanofiber membranes for efficient cancer cell capture. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 9(12), 11350–11358. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b15025
  7. ElectrospinTech. (n.d.). Electrospun Membranes for Cancer Cell Detection. Recuperado de: http://electrospintech.com/cancerdetect.html
  8. Wang, L., et al. (2021). Functional electrospun nanofibers for cancer diagnostics. Advanced Functional Materials, 31(20), 2100212. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202100212
  9. Fluidnatek. (2024). Applications of Electrospinning in Biomedical Engineering. https://www.fluidnatek.com/applications
Energy

Electrospun Membrane in Batteries: Enhancing Performance and Efficiency

Posted on by Vicente Zaragozá
Electrospun Membrane in Batteries
07
May

The demand for high-performance energy storage solutions is rapidly increasing, driving innovation in battery technology. One promising approach involves the use of electrospun membranes in batteries to enhance its performance and efficiency.

With this purpose in mind, this article explores the role of electrospinning in battery technology, the benefits of electrospun membranes, and future perspectives in this exciting field.

The Role of Electrospinning in Battery Technology

Electrospinning has emerged as a pivotal technique in the development of advanced battery technologies due to its ability to produce nanofiber membranes with tailored properties. Particularly, these membranes, which can serve as separators, electrode materials, or composite structures, are characterized by their high surface area, porosity, and tunable morphology.

By adjusting parameters such as fiber diameter, pore size, and material composition during the electrospinning process, researchers can optimize the performance of these membranes for specific battery applications. For instance, the controlled porosity of electrospun separators enhances ion transport while maintaining mechanical stability, which is crucial for safety and performance in -ion batteries.

Additionally, electrospinning enables the incorporation of functional materials like doped polymers or metal oxides into the fibers, further improving conductivity and thermal stability. Subsequently, this versatility positions electrospinning as a cornerstone for innovation in energy storage solutions.

Electrospun Membranes for Next-Generation Batteries

Certainly, Electrospun membranes are at the forefront of next-generation battery research due to their ability to address key challenges such as energy density, power output, and longevity.

In fact, these membranes are particularly promising for advanced battery chemistries like lithium-sulfur and lithium-air systems. In lithium-sulfur batteries, electrospun separators with enhanced electrolyte retention and polysulfide-trapping capabilities significantly improve cycling stability.

Similarly, in lithium-air batteries, the use of electrospun cathodes provides a highly porous structure that facilitates oxygen diffusion and reaction kinetics, resulting in better efficiency and durability.

Furthermore, multilayered or composite electrospun membranes offer multifunctionality by combining mechanical strength with thermal resistance and ionic conductivity. hence, this adaptability allows for the creation of customized solutions tailored to the demands of emerging battery technologies.

As research progresses, the integration of advanced materials into electrospun fibers is expected to unlock even greater performance gains, paving the way for more efficient and sustainable energy storage systems.

Electrospun materials in Batteries: A Revolution in Energy Storage

The use of electrospun materials in batteries represents a revolutionary advancement. Moreover, the unique properties of electrospun nanofibers, such as high surface area and porosity, facilitate faster ion transport and improved electrode-electrolyte contact. Therefore, this results in batteries with enhanced performance characteristics.

Electrospun Cathode for Lithium Air Battery: Applications and Benefits

One particularly promising application is the use of an electrospun cathode for lithium air battery. Lithium-air batteries have the potential for extremely high energy density, but they face challenges related to cathode performance.

Overall, Electrospun cathodes can improve the battery’s efficiency, lifespan, and stability by providing a highly porous and interconnected structure that facilitates oxygen transport and reaction.

Lithium-ion industrial high current batteries

Lithium-ion industrial high current batteries.

Advantages of Electrospun Membranes in Battery Performance

Unquestionably, Electrospun nanofiber membranes for lithium-ion batteries offer several key advantages:

  • Improved Ion Conductivity: The porous structure of electrospun membranes allows for faster ion transport, leading to higher power output.
  • Enhanced Electrolyte Retention: Electrospun membranes can effectively retain the electrolyte, ensuring good ionic contact between the electrodes.
  • Increased Surface Area: The high surface area of electrospun anode materials and electrospun cathode materials provides more active sites for electrochemical reactions, improving energy storage capacity.
  • Better Mechanical Properties: Electrospun membranes can be designed with good mechanical strength and flexibility, enhancing the battery’s durability.
  • Customizable Morphology: The electrospinning process allows for precise control over the membrane’s pore size, fiber diameter, and composition, enabling tailored solutions for specific battery requirements. Electrospun nanofiber battery separators also benefit from this.

Future Perspectives in Electrospinning for Battery Development

Subsequently, the future of electrospinning in battery technology looks bright, with ongoing research focused on:

  • Developing new electrospun anode materials and electrospun cathode materials: Exploring novel materials to further enhance battery performance.
  • Optimizing the electrospinning process: Fine-tuning parameters to achieve even greater control over membrane properties.
  • Creating multi-functional membranes: Combining different functionalities within a single electrospun membrane to improve overall battery performance.
  • Scaling up production: Developing cost-effective methods for mass production of electrospun membranes.

Conclusion

Summing up, Electrospun membranes are poised to play a significant role in the future of battery technology. Their unique properties and versatility make them an ideal solution for enhancing the performance and efficiency of next-generation batteries. To point out, the development of the electrospun cathode for lithium air battery is just one example of the exciting possibilities offered by this technology.

Interested in leveraging electrospun membranes for high-performance battery applications? Contact our experts at Fluidnatek to explore tailored solutions. Learn more about our advanced electrospinning technology on our applications page.

References

  1. Preparation of Electrospun Membranes and Their Use as Separators in Lithium Batteries. Batteries, 2023, 9(4), 201; DOI: 10.3390/batteries90402011.
  2. Electrospun Lithium Metal Oxide Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries. RSC Advances, 2013; DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45414b2.
  3. Electrospun Cellulose Nanofiber Membranes as Multifunctional Separators for High Energy and Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Energy Engineering and Power Technology, 2023; DOI: 10.1155/2023/15418583.
  4. Electrospun Nanofibers Enabled Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. Accounts of Materials Research, 2022; DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.1c001984.
  5. Advances in Electrospun Materials and Methods for Li-Ion Batteries. Batteries, 2023; DOI: 10.3390/batteries90402015.
  6. Electrospun Nanofiber Electrodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2022; DOI: 10.1002/marc.2022007406.
  7. A Review of Electrospun Separators for Lithium‐Based Batteries. ChemElectroChem, 2022; DOI: 10.1002/cey2.5397
Novel materials & Sensors

Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Using Electrospun Fibers: Advancing EMI Protection Solutions

Posted on by Vicente Zaragozá
electromagnetic interference shielding
24
Apr

Unquestionably, Electromagnetic Interference Shielding (EMI) is becoming increasingly vital in modern electronics to maintain optimal device performance and prevent signal degradation caused by unwanted electromagnetic radiation.

Among the innovative solutions available, electrospun fibers stand out as a promising technology due to their unique structure and exceptional ability to enhance EMI protection performance. Consequently, this article explores the role of electrospun fibers in providing effective EMI shielding, their benefits, and future perspectives.

Understanding Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding addresses the disruptive effects of electromagnetic radiation emitted by electronic devices, which can compromise signal integrity, data transmission, and device functionality. EMI occurs across a broad frequency spectrum, from low-frequency waves in power lines (50/60 Hz) to high-frequency signals in 5G networks (millimeter waves above 24 GHz).

Certainly, effective shielding mechanisms rely on three primary principles: reflection (redirecting waves via conductive surfaces), absorption (dissipating energy through magnetic or dielectric materials), and multiple internal reflections (trapping waves within porous structures). 

In similar fashion, material properties like electrical conductivity (for reflection) and magnetic permeability (for absorption) determine shielding effectiveness. Industries such as aerospace (avionics protection), healthcare (MRI compatibility), and telecommunications (5G infrastructure) prioritize EMI shielding to meet regulatory standards like FCC Part 15 and IEC 61000.

In particular, effective electromagnetic interference shielding is essential to minimize this interference, ensuring the proper functioning of electronic equipment and preventing signal degradation. At this point, as devices become more sensitive and operate at higher frequencies, advanced materials and design are required to achieve optimal EMI protection.

Non-woven fiber-based film of PEO Biodegradable polymer

Non-woven fiber-based film of PEO Biodegradable polymer SEM Image.

The Role of Electrospun Fibers in EMI Shielding

Basically, Electrospinning is a versatile fiber production method that uses electric force to draw charged threads of polymer solutions or melts into fibers with diameters in the micrometer and nanometer range. These fibers can be engineered with tailored materials and architectures to enhance their EMI shielding effectiveness.

Advanced Materials and Design for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

By all means, the effectiveness of EMI shielding largely depends on the materials used. Electrospun fibers can incorporate a variety of conductive materials, such as metals, carbon nanotubes, and conductive polymers, to enhance their protection properties.

Also, the high surface area and porosity of electrospun fiber mats further contribute to their efficiency in blocking electromagnetic radiation. Moreover, the ability to adjust the fiber diameter and the porosity of the electrospun mats allows tuning the range of wavelengths that can be shielded.

Materials for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

At the present time, several materials have been successfully used in electrospun fibers for EMI shielding. These include:

  • Iron Nanofibers: These nanofibers exhibit excellent magnetic properties, enhancing their ability to attenuate electromagnetic waves (Lee S K et al., 2009).
  • FeNi Alloy Nanofibers: Alloys like FeNi offer a combination of magnetic and conductive properties, making them effective for EMI shielding across a range of frequencies (Lee Y I, Choa Y H., 2012).
  • Metallized Nanofibers: Coating electrospun fibers with a thin layer of metal significantly boosts their conductivity and, consequently, their protection effectiveness (Kim H R et al., 2012; Wei K et al., 2011).
  • PVDF/Barium Hexaferrite Composites: These composites combine the flexibility of PVDF with the magnetic properties of barium hexaferrite, resulting in enhanced EMI protection in specific frequency bands (Salem M M et al., 2023).
  • Carbon Nanofibers with Ni Nanocrystals: This composite material provides an optimized impedance matching, enhancing microwave absorption (Zhang D et al., 2024).
  • Graphene-Based Electrospun Fibers: Graphene-based composites have shown remarkable performance in EMI shielding due to their high conductivity and structural benefits.

Benefits of Using Electrospun Fibers for EMI Protection

Without doubt, Electrospun fibers offer several advantages for EMI protection applications:

  • Lightweight: Electrospun fiber mats are lightweight, making them suitable for weight-sensitive applications.
  • Flexible: The flexibility of electrospun fibers allows them to be easily integrated into various device shapes and sizes, providing adaptable EMI shielding materials.
  • High Surface Area: The high surface area of nanofiber-based electromagnetic protection enhances their interaction with electromagnetic waves, improving shielding performance.
  • Customizable: The composition and structure of electrospun fibers can be tailored to meet specific EMI protection requirements.

Future Perspectives in EMI Shielding Technologies

In a word, the field of EMI protection is continuously evolving, with ongoing research focused on developing advanced materials and designs. Future trends include:

  • Development of novel composite materials: Combining different materials to achieve synergistic effects in EMI shielding.
  • Optimization of electrospinning parameters: Fine-tuning the electrospinning process to produce fibers with enhanced protection properties.
  • Integration of electrospun fibers into wearable electronics: Creating flexible and effective EMI shielding for wearable devices.
  • Exploring magnetic alloys: Using magnetic alloys like FeCoNi to achieve low-frequency electromagnetic wave absorption (Yang B et al., 2022).

For instance, recent advances include coaxial electrospinning for core-shell structures and 3D nonwoven architectures that combine shielding with thermal management. These fibers are particularly valuable for flexible electronics.

Conclusion

To conclude, Electrospun fibers represent a significant advancement in electromagnetic interference shielding, offering a versatile and effective solution for a wide range of electronic applications. As technology advances, the demand for high-performance EMI protection will continue to grow, making electrospun fibers an increasingly important component in ensuring electromagnetic compatibility.

Interested in implementing advanced EMI shielding solutions with electrospun fibers? Contact our experts at Fluidnatek to explore tailored solutions.

References

  1. Graphene-Based Electrospun Fibrous Materials with Enhanced EMI Shielding. PMC9520699.
  2. Iron Oxide Quantum Dots and Graphene Nanoplatelets Integrated in Conductive Thin Films for Enhanced EMI Shielding. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2025, 8(7), 3617–3630. DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.4c07086.
  3. Electrospun Nanofiber Based Structures for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. AZoNano.
  4. A Comprehensive Study on EMI Shielding Performance of Carbon Nanomaterial-Embedded Composites. Materials, 2023, 14(23), 5224. DOI: 10.3390/ma14235224.
  5. Lightweight and Flexible Electrospun Polymer Nanofiber/Metal Nanoparticle Hybrid Membranes for EMI Shielding. npj Flexible Electronics, 2018. DOI: 10.1038/s41427-018-0070-1.
  6. Electromagnetic Interference Shielding with Electrospun Nanofiber Mats. Nanomaterials, 2020, 10(6), 47. DOI: 10.3390/nano10060447.
  7. Progress in Electrospun Polymer Composite Fibers for Microwave Absorption. ACS Applied Electronic Materials, 2021. DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.1c00827.
  8. Electrospun Composite Nanofiber Membranes for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2023. DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c05572.
Biomedical

Electrospun Scaffolds for Bone Treatment and Repair: A Breakthrough in Bone Tissue Engineering

Posted on by Vicente Zaragozá
Electrospun Scaffolds for Bone Tissue
31
Mar

Electrospun scaffolds for bone tissue engineering have emerged as a groundbreaking solution for treating and repairing bone defects. This innovative approach combines advanced materials science with bioengineering principles to create scaffolds that mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone tissue, promoting regeneration and healing

What is Electrospinning and How Does It Work?

Firstly, Electrospinning is a versatile technique that uses electrical forces to produce fine fibers from polymer solutions or melts. The process involves applying a high voltage to a polymer solution made of a polymer and at least one solvent, which is then drawn into ultrafine fibers due to electrical repulsion as it travels towards a grounded collector. This method allows for precise control over fiber diameter, orientation, and composition, making it ideal for creating scaffolds that closely resemble the structure of natural bone tissue.

Applications of Electrospun Fibers in Bone Tissue Engineering

Electrospun scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

For instance, Electrospun scaffolds provide an ideal environment for bone cell growth and differentiation. These scaffolds offer high surface-area-to-volume ratios, porosity, and compositional diversity, which are essential for mimicking the extracellular matrix of natural bone. Recent advancements have addressed challenges such as cell infiltration and 3D tissue formation through innovative techniques like sharp inclined array collectors with point electrodes.

Electrospun bio-nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Identically, bio-nanocomposite scaffolds combine synthetic or natural polymers with bioactive inorganic materials to enhance mechanical strength and osteoconductivity. For example, incorporating hydroxyapatite nanoparticles into PVA/PVP scaffolds improves cell adhesion and calcium deposition. Additionally, zirconium-reinforced composites have shown increased compressive strength while maintaining cytocompatibility.

Electrospun submicron bioactive glass fibers for bone tissue scaffold

Nonetheless, bioactive glass fibers have gained attention for their ability to bond with bone and stimulate angiogenesis. These fibers, composed of silicon dioxide, calcium oxide, and phosphorus pentoxide, release ions crucial for bone formation. Studies have shown that bioactive glass-PCL composites demonstrate significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity compared to polymer-only scaffolds, indicating accelerated mineralization.

Electrospun scaffolds preparation

Electrospun scaffolds for bone tissue engineering have emerged as a groundbreaking solution for treating and repairing bone defects. This innovative approach, particularly, combines advanced materials science with bioengineering principles to create scaffolds that mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone tissue, promoting regeneration and healing.

Advantages of Using Electrospun Fibers to Repair Bone

Certainly, Electrospun nanofibers for bone regeneration offer several advantages over traditional bone repair methods:

  1. Biomimetic structure: Electrospun fibers closely mimic the natural extracellular matrix of bone tissue, providing an ideal environment for cell growth and differentiation.
  2. Tailored properties: The electrospinning process allows for precise control over fiber diameter, orientation, and composition, enabling the creation of scaffolds with optimized mechanical and biological properties.
  3. Enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation: The high surface-area-to-volume ratio of electrospun scaffolds promotes cell attachment and growth.
  4. Controlled drug delivery: Electrospun fibers can be loaded with growth factors, antibiotics, or other therapeutic agents for sustained release, enhancing bone regeneration and reducing infection risks. This approach offers several advantages:
    1. Localized delivery: Moreover, the scaffolds can provide targeted release of drugs directly to the bone defect site, maximizing therapeutic efficacy.
    2. Sustained release profiles: By carefully selecting polymer-drug combinations and fiber architectures, release kinetics can be tailored to match the healing process, from initial inflammation to long-term bone remodeling.
    3. Multi-drug delivery: Different drugs can be incorporated into various fiber populations or layers within the scaffold, allowing for sequential or simultaneous release of multiple therapeutic agents.
    4. Protection of sensitive biomolecules: The fibrous structure can shield growth factors and other delicate compounds from degradation, preserving their bioactivity.
    5. Reduced systemic side effects: Localized, controlled release minimizes the need for high systemic drug doses, potentially decreasing adverse effects.
    6. Infection control: Antibiotics can be incorporated to create an antimicrobial environment, crucial for preventing post-operative infections in bone repair procedures.
    7. Synergistic effects: The combination of scaffold architecture and drug delivery can work synergistically to promote cell infiltration, vascularization, and ultimately, bone regeneration
  5. Customizable degradation rates: By selecting appropriate materials and repair processing parameters, the degradation rate of electrospun scaffolds can be tailored to match the rate of new bone formation.

Future Perspectives in Bone Tissue Regeneration

Specifically, the future of electrospun scaffolds for bone tissue engineering looks promising, with several emerging trends:

  1. Multifluid electrospinning: Advanced techniques like coaxial and triaxial systems enable the creation of layered fiber architectures with spatially controlled bioactive agents.
  2. 4D dynamic scaffolds: Temperature and pH-responsive fibers that can adapt their pore size post-implantation to accommodate tissue ingrowth are being developed.
  3. AI-driven fabrication: Researchers are employing machine learning algorithms to optimize process parameters and predict scaffold morphology and mechanical performance.
  4. Integration with other technologies: Combining electrospinning with 3D printing, melt electrowriting, electrospraying, and microfluidics is opening new possibilities for creating complex, multifunctional scaffolds.

Overall, the combination of electrospinning and 3D printing or melt electrowriting leverages the strengths of both techniques:

  1. Enhanced structural complexity: 3D printing provides precise control over macrostructure, while electrospinning adds nanofiber layers that mimic the extracellular matrix.
  2. Improved mechanical properties: The integration results in scaffolds with both adequate mechanical strength from 3D-printed structures and high porosity from electrospun fibers.
  3. Hierarchical architectures: This approach allows for the creation of scaffolds with multi-scale features, from nanometer to millimeter ranges.
  4. Fabrication methods:
    • Direct electrospinning onto 3D-printed structures
    • Alternating layers of 3D-printed and electrospun materials
    • Using electrospun nanofibers as a component in 3D printing inks

Conclusion

After all, as research in this field continues to advance, electrospun scaffolds for bone tissue engineering are poised to revolutionize bone treatment and repair, offering personalized solutions for complex bone defects and bridging the gap between laboratory research and clinical application.

In order to learn more about the latest developments in electrospun nanofibers for bone regeneration, check out this comprehensive review from ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering.

Interested in how electrospinning technology can advance bone tissue engineering? Contact us to explore tailored solutions.

References

  1. Bhardwaj, N., & Kundu, S. C. (2010). Electrospinning: A fascinating fiber fabrication technique. Biotechnology Advances, 28(3), 325-347.
  2. Khajavi, R., Abbasipour, M., & Bahador, A. (2016). Electrospun biodegradable nanofibers scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133(3), 42883.
  3. Langer, R., & Vacanti, J. P. (1993). Tissue engineering. Science, 260(5110), 920-926.
  4. Li, W. J., Laurencin, C. T., Caterson, E. J., Tuan, R. S., & Ko, F. K. (2002). Electrospun nanofibrous structure: A novel scaffold for tissue engineering. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 60(4), 613-621.
  5. Pham, Q. P., Sharma, U., & Mikos, A. G. (2006). Electrospinning of polymeric nanofibers for tissue engineering applications: A review. Tissue Engineering, 12(5), 1197-1211.
  6. Sill, T. J., & von Recum, H. A. (2008). Electrospinning: Applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 29(13), 1989-2006.
  7. Teo, W. E., & Ramakrishna, S. (2006). A review on electrospinning design and nanofibre assemblies. Nanotechnology, 17(14), R89-R106.
  8. Zafar, M., Najeeb, S., Khurshid, Z., Vazirzadeh, M., Zohaib, S., Najeeb, B., & Sefat, F. (2016). Potential of electrospun nanofibers for biomedical and dental applications. Materials, 9(2), 73.
Energy

Electrospinning Techniques for Energy Generation and Storage

Posted on by Vicente Zaragozá
electrospinning-energy-generation-storage
07
Mar

Electrospinning is widely recognized for its role in nanofiber production, but it also holds potential for energy generation. This article explores how electrospinning contributes to energy applications.

Nanogenerators and Energy Harvesting

One of the most promising applications of electrospinning in the energy sector is in the development of nanogenerators. These devices harness mechanical energy and convert it into electrical energy, making them useful for powering small electronic devices and wearable technology.

Nanogenerators rely on electrospun nanofibers to enhance their energy-harvesting capabilities. These fibers improve the surface area and mechanical properties of the generator, making energy conversion more efficient.

Some of the most common types of nanogenerators include:

  • Piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs): Convert mechanical stress into electrical energy.
  • Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs): Utilize contact electrification to generate power.

Recent advancements in electrospinning techniques have significantly improved nanofiber production and applications in various fields. Crystal engineering has emerged as a promising approach to create oriented crystal LiMPO4/carbon nanofiber hybrids, enhancing lithium storage and transfer capabilities in battery applications. This technique allows for the fabrication of high-performance electrodes without polymeric binders, resulting in improved capacity retention and discharge rates.

These types of nanogenerators depend on high-quality nanofibers, which can only be produced using a stable and reliable electrospinning power supply.

Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEMs)

Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEMs) of different nanofibers structures.

Fuel Cells and Battery Applications

Electrospun nanofibers are also being used to enhance energy storage devices, such as batteries and fuel cells. These fibers increase electrode surface area, improve conductivity, and enhance ion transport efficiency, leading to better overall performance.

Recent advancements in electrospinning techniques have enabled the fabrication of high-performance electrodes without polymeric binders, improving capacity retention and discharge rates.

One notable innovation in this area is the development of continuous gradient composite films (GCFs) using dynamic concentration adjustment techniques combined with electrospinning. These films exhibit a gradient distribution of nanoparticles within the carbon fiber matrix, significantly enhancing electronic conductivity and electrochemical performance. Such an approach is particularly promising for cathode development in aqueous zinc-ion batteries, offering improved efficiency and stability.

Further advancements in near-field electrospinning technology have also contributed to precise fiber deposition in energy storage applications. By reducing the spinning distance and voltage, near-field electrospinning enables high-precision jet control, allowing for the accurate deposition of cured fibers. When integrated with a precise motion platform, this technique facilitates the formation of aligned fibers with predesigned topologies, unlocking new possibilities for optimizing electrode architectures and improving battery performance.

Experimental procedures and configurations

Experimental procedures and configurations. (A) The synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-8 nanocrystals and the fabrication of electrospun ZIF/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous mats. (B) A contact-separation triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) device utilizing the ZIF/PAN nanofibrous mat as the electropositive triboelectric material. (C) Schematic representation of the proposed rotary TENG device operating in rolling mode [Tabassian et al., 2024].

Optimizing Electrospinning for Energy Applications

To achieve the best results in energy-related electrospinning applications, researchers must carefully optimize process parameters. Some key factors include:

1. Polymer Selection

Choosing the right polymer is essential for maximizing the electroactive properties of nanofibers used in energy devices. Popular choices include:

  • Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for piezoelectric applications
  • Polyaniline (PANI) for conductive fiber production

Additionally, blending different polymers or incorporating nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes or graphene can significantly improve electrical and mechanical properties. This allows for more efficient energy harvesting and storage applications, further expanding the potential of electrospun fibers in sustainable energy solutions.

2. Solution Viscosity

The concentration and viscosity of the polymer solution affect fiber diameter and uniformity. Achieving the right balance ensures the best performance in energy devices. High-viscosity solutions tend to form thicker fibers, while low-viscosity solutions may produce beads rather than continuous fibers. Researchers often experiment with different solvent compositions to optimize viscosity and ensure defect-free fiber production. The choice of solvent also impacts the drying rate and overall fiber morphology, making it a critical factor in the electrospinning process.

3. Collector Type

Using a rotating drum or a conductive substrate as the fiber collector can help align nanofibers for specific energy applications, improving their efficiency in devices like batteries and nanogenerators. Additionally, adjusting the collector speed and shape can influence fiber alignment and density. Recent advances in electrospinning technology have enabled the development of patterned collectors that further enhance fiber organization, leading to improved charge transport in energy storage applications. Properly aligning nanofibers can increase conductivity and energy efficiency, making them more viable for industrial applications.

Advancements in collector technology have expanded the range of possible nanofiber structures and morphologies. Innovative collector designs now enable the production of defect-free nonwoven sheets, tubular structures, continuous yarns, and fine coatings on various substrates. These advancements allow researchers and manufacturers to tailor a sample’s microstructure to meet specific application requirements, further enhancing the versatility of electrospun materials.

Rotating drum collector.

Rotating drum collector.

Importance of a Reliable Electrospinning Power Supply

A stable electrospinning power supply is critical for ensuring the uniformity and consistency of electrospun nanofibers. Several factors must be considered when selecting a power source for electrospinning:

1. Voltage Stability

Voltage fluctuations can lead to inconsistencies in fiber morphology, affecting their electrical and mechanical properties. A high-precision power source for electrospinning ensures uniform fiber production.

2. Adjustable Voltage Range

Different polymers and applications require different voltage settings. An adjustable electrospinning power supply allows researchers to fine-tune the process for optimal fiber formation.

3. Safety Features

Since electrospinning involves high voltages, choosing a power supply with built-in safety mechanisms, such as current limits and overload protection, is crucial for laboratory and industrial applications.

Future Perspectives in Electrospinning and Energy Harvesting

The use of electrospinning in energy applications is an exciting area of research with the potential to revolutionize energy harvesting and storage.

As research continues, electrospinning will likely play an even greater role in energy-related applications. Advances in polymer chemistry, and process optimization will lead to more efficient and scalable energy solutions.

Electrospun fibers are transforming energy storage and power generation with their advanced capabilities. At Fluidnatek, we deliver state-of-the-art electrospinning technology for next-generation applications. Discover how our innovative solutions can elevate your power supply—contact us today!

Author
Wee-Eong TEO

References:

Electrospinning Technology and Its Energy Applications

Adachi M, Murata Y, Takao J, Jiu J, Sakamoto M, Wang F. Highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells with a titania thin-film electrode composed of a network structure of single-crystal-like TiO2 nanowires made by the “oriented attachment” mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126: 14943.

Al-Dhubhani E, Tedesco M, Vos W M, Saakes M. Combined Electrospinning-Electrospraying for High-Performance Bipolar Membranes with Incorporated MCM-41 as Water Dissociation Catalysts. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023; 15: 45745.

Al-Enizi A M, Karim A, Yousef A. A novel method for fabrication of electrospun cadmium sulfide nanoparticles-decorated zinc oxide nanofibers as effective photocatalyst for water photosplitting. Alexandria Engineering Journal 2023; 65: 825.

Hamadanian M, Jabbari V. Improved conversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells based on electrospun TiCl4-treated TiO2 Nanorod electrodes. International Journal of Green Energy 2014; 11: 364.

Shafii C. Energy Harvesting Using PVDF Piezoelectric Nanofabric. MSc Thesis. University of Toronto 2014

Filtration

Revolutionizing Filtration: The Power of Electrospun Nanofibers

Posted on by Vicente Zaragozá
The Power of Electrospun Nanofibers in filtration
24
Feb

Electrospinning technology has emerged as a game-changing solution in the field of filtration, offering innovative approaches to purify air, water, and gases. Among its advancements, the development of electrospun nanofibrous filtration membranes has significantly enhanced filtration efficiency by providing superior porosity and high surface area. This article explores the cutting-edge developments in electrospinning technology and its transformative impact on various filtration systems.

The Versatility of Electrospun Nanofibers in Filtration

Electrospinning, a versatile technique for producing ultra-fine fibers, has revolutionized the landscape of materials science, particularly in filtration applications. The use of electrospun fibers in filtration has gained significant attention due to their enhanced filtration efficiency. Among these advancements, electrospun nanofibers for air filtration applications stand out as a promising solution, offering superior performance in capturing airborne particles.
By harnessing electrostatic forces, this process creates nanofibers with exceptional properties, making them ideal for a wide range of filtration needs.

Key Advantages of Electrospun Nanofibers

The unique characteristics of electrospun nanofibers make them exceptionally well-suited for various filtration applications:

Controllable Fiber Size

Adjusting the size of fibers is a critical consideration in filtration applications. Smaller fibers, typically in the range of a few hundred nanometers, are especially important as they offer higher filtration efficiency. Their reduced size enables them to capture finer particles and contaminants, improving the overall performance of the filtration system. This ability to produce ultra-thin fibers is one of the key strengths of electrospinning technology.

Controllable Pore Size

Electrospinning allows for fine-tuning of pore sizes, enabling the creation of filters tailored to specific filtration requirements.

High Surface Area

The increased surface area of nanofibers enhances their ability to capture particles and contaminants.

Lightweight Structure

Nanofiber-based filters are significantly lighter than traditional filtration materials, reducing energy consumption in filtration systems.

Nano fibers and nano particles in different sizes.

Nano fibers and nano particles in different sizes.

Applications Across Filtration Domains

Electrospun nanofibers have revolutionized filtration technology across various domains due to their unique properties such as high surface area-to-volume ratio, controllable fiber and pore size, and lightweight structure. While air, water, and gas filtration are prominent applications, these nanofibers have also found use in:

Air Filtration

In air purification, electrospun nanofibrous filtration membrane demonstrates remarkable efficiency in capturing particulate matter, including PM2.5 and PM10. These filters are transforming both residential and industrial air cleaning systems.

Electrospun nanofibers for air filtration applications

A success story related to air filtration is the masks marketed by PROVEIL® and manufactured using our Fluidnatek equipment. These masks feature a nanofiber filter that provides mechanical, non-electrostatic filtration. This means they are safer, offer better breathability, and do not deteriorate over time. Electrospun nanofibers for air filtration applications play a crucial role in these masks, enhancing their filtration efficiency and reliability. Proveil masks, which utilize electrospun nanofibers, achieve a filtration grade of FFP2, ensuring they provide effective protection by filtering at least 94% of airborne particles, that are 0.3 microns in size or larger. PROVEIL was born as a solution for the 2019 pandemic with the first nanofiber masks and virucidal filter on the market. They are the only masks developed with CSIC (Spanish National Research Council) technology.

They feature a nanofiber filter that filters mechanically, not electrostatically. This means that it is safer, breathes better and does not deteriorate over time. They incorporate a viricidal component that inactivates COVID in less than 2H.

Proveil Mask with a nanofiber filter.

Proveil Mask with a nanofiber filter.

Water Purification

Electrospun nanofibers excel in water treatment applications by effectively removing contaminants and ensuring clean water provision. Among their various applications, water filtration electrospun fibers stand out due to their ability to enhance filtration efficiency. Electrospun fibers for water filtration are particularly valued for their high surface area and porosity, which make them adept at capturing fine particles and pollutants, ultimately improving the overall quality of treated water.

Gas Filtration

The use of electrospun nanofibers in gas filtration is effective for trapping various gaseous pollutants. For instance, research highlights the potential of an electrospun nanofibrous filtration membrane for capturing CO2, such as in applications like beverage carbonation systems.

Oil/Water Separation

Electrospun nanofiber membranes have shown promise in oil/water separation. These membranes can be designed with specific surface properties to selectively allow water to pass while repelling oil, or vice versa.

Metal Ion Separation

The use of electrospun fibers in filtration has gained significant attention due to their efficiency in various applications. Functionalized electrospun nanofibers can selectively capture and remove metal ions from solutions, proving particularly useful in wastewater treatment and the recovery of valuable metals.

Electrospun nanofiber membranes

Electrospun nanofiber membranes have shown promise in oil/water separation, metal ion separation and salt separation.

Salt Separation/Desalination

Electrospun nanofiber membranes are being explored for desalination processes. Their design can effectively separate salt from water, offering a promising alternative to traditional methods.

Desalination plant.

Desalination plant.

Antimicrobial Filtration

Electrospun nanofibers infused with antimicrobial agents or functionalized with inherent antimicrobial properties are effective in creating filters that not only capture but also neutralize harmful microorganisms.

Filtration efficiency

Filtration efficiency of filter media containing different NF areal weights vs. particle size when tested in accordance with different international standards: (A) ASTM F3502 and (B) ASTM F2299.

Catalytic Filtration

Electrospun nanofibrous filtration membranes incorporated with catalytic materials facilitate chemical reactions to break down or transform harmful substances, making them dual-purpose filters with enhanced efficiency.

Biological Filtration

Electrospun nanofibers are also being developed for biological applications, such as blood filtration or biomolecule separation. The use of electrospun fibers in biological filtration demonstrates their versatility, expanding their capabilities beyond traditional filtration systems.

Filtration mechanisms associated with electrospun nanofibre filters.

Filtration mechanisms associated with electrospun nanofibre filters.

These diverse applications showcase the versatility of electrospun nanofibers in filtration technology, extending far beyond traditional air, water, and gas filtration. The ability to tailor nanofiber properties and incorporate various functional materials opens up a wide range of possibilities for addressing complex filtration challenges across multiple industries.

Advanced Filtration Technologies

Multi-Structured Nanofibers

One of the most promising developments is the creation of multi-structured electrospun nanofibers. The creation of multi-structured electrospun nanofibers—combining different fiber morphologies and compositions—offers superior filtration performance across various mediums.

Functionalized Nanofibers

Functionalization with specific chemical groups or nanoparticles enhances nanofibers’ ability to capture and neutralize harmful pollutants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and pathogens.

Triboelectrification-based particulate matter

Triboelectrification-based particulate matter capture utilizing electrospun ethyl cellulose and PTFE spheres

Sustainable Filtration Solutions

As environmental concerns grow, researchers are focusing on developing sustainable nanofiber materials. Bio-based polymers and recycled materials are being explored as alternatives to traditional synthetic polymers, aiming to reduce the environmental impact of filtration systems.

Future Prospects and Challenges of Electrospun Nanofibers in Filtration

While electrospun nanofibers have shown immense potential in various filtration applications, several challenges and opportunities lie ahead:

Scaling Up Production

Scaling up production to meet industrial demands remains a primary challenge. Researchers are working on high-throughput electrospinning techniques to address this issue.

Durability and Longevity

Improving the mechanical strength and longevity of nanofiber filters is crucial for their long-term viability. Advances in material design and fabrication methods are key to overcoming this challenge.

Smart Filtration Systems

Integrating electrospun nanofibers with smart technologies presents exciting possibilities. Innovations like self-cleaning filters and adaptive filtration systems that respond to environmental changes are on the horizon.

Conclusion

Electrospun nanofibers represent a significant leap forward in filtration technology. Their unique properties and versatility offer solutions to many challenges faced by traditional filtration methods. As research advances, we can anticipate innovative applications and improvements in filtration efficiency across various sectors. Continued investment in materials science and nanotechnology will be instrumental in unlocking the full potential of these ultra-fine fibers, paving the way for more sustainable and efficient filtration solutions.

References:

  1. Xue, J., et al. (2017). Electrospun Nanofibers: New Concepts, Materials, and Applications. Accounts of Chemical Research, 50(8), 1976-1987.
  2. Wang, X., et al. (2019). Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Air Filtration: A Review. Fibers and Polymers, 20(12), 2468-2487.
  3. Lu, P., et al. (2021). Multistructured Electrospun Nanofibers for Air Filtration: A Review. Nanomaterials, 11(6), 1501.
  4. Zhang, S., et al. (2019). Electrospun nanofibers for air filtration. In Electrospun Nanofibers (pp. 365-389). Woodhead Publishing.
  5. Liu, C., et al. (2017). Transparent air filter for high-efficiency PM2.5 capture. Nature Communications, 8(1), 1-9.
  6. Persano, L., et al. (2013). Industrial upscaling of electrospinning and applications of polymer nanofibers: A review. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 298(5), 504-520.

 

Biomedical

Cell-Seeded Scaffolds: Revolutionizing Biomedical Engineering for Tissue Regeneration

Posted on by Vicente Zaragozá
Cell-Seeded Scaffold
17
Feb

For decades, researchers in biomedical engineering have strived to unlock the secrets of tissue engineering and tissue regeneration. The ultimate goal: to repair or replace damaged tissues and organs, offering hope to millions suffering from injuries and diseases. One of the most promising approaches in this field involves the creation of cell-seeded scaffolds, structures that mimic the natural environment of cells and guide their growth and development.

Cell-Seeded Scaffolds

The Promise of Cell-Seeded Scaffolds

Imagine a tiny, three-dimensional framework, meticulously designed to support the growth of new tissue. That’s essentially what a cell-seeded scaffold is. These scaffolds provide structural support for cells to attach, proliferate, and differentiate, ultimately forming functional tissue. The beauty of this approach lies in its potential to create personalized, biocompatible implants that seamlessly integrate with the body.

But how are these scaffolds made, and what makes them so effective? The answer lies in a combination of advanced materials science, cell biology, and innovative fabrication techniques.

Electrospinning: A Key Technology for Scaffold Fabrication

Among the various methods used to create tissue affolds, electrospinning stands out as a versatile and powerful technique. This process uses an electrical field to draw charged threads of polymer solutions, creating nanofibers that form a porous, three-dimensional structure. The resulting scaffolds closely resemble the extracellular matrix (ECM), the natural environment surrounding cells in the body.

Advantages of Electrospinning in Tissue Engineering

The advantages of electrospinning for biomedical tissue engineering are numerous:

  • Tunable architecture: Electrospinning allows for precise control over fiber diameter, porosity, and alignment, enabling the creation of scaffolds tailored to specific tissue types.

  • Versatile materials: A wide range of polymers, both natural and synthetic, can be electrospun, allowing for the selection of materials with specific properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and mechanical strength.

  • Scalability: The electrospinning process can be scaled up for mass production, making it a viable option for clinical applications.

Collagen Electrospinning: A Natural Choice

Collagen, the most abundant protein in the human body, is a popular choice for electrospinning scaffolds. Its inherent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to promote cell adhesion make it an ideal material for tissue engineering applications. Collagen electrospinning cell seeding techniques are thus widely studied.

Applications of Collagen Scaffolds

Collagen scaffolds can be used to regenerate and repair different tissues, including:

  • Skin: Collagen scaffolds can promote wound healing and reduce scarring.
  • Bone: They can guide the formation of new bone tissue for fracture repair and bone regeneration.
  • Cartilage: They can support the growth of chondrocytes (cartilage-forming cells) for treating osteoarthritis and other cartilage defects.
  • Blood vessels: Collagen scaffolds can be used to create vascular grafts for bypass surgery and other cardiovascular applications.

Bio-Electrospinning: Seeding Cells During Scaffold Formation

While traditional methods involve seeding cells onto pre-fabricated scaffolds, a more advanced approach—known as bio-electrospinning cell seeding—integrates cells directly into the electrospinning process. This technique involves suspending cells in the polymer solution and simultaneously electrospinning the polymer while encapsulating the cells within the fibers.

Benefits of Bio-Electrospinning

The benefits of bio-electrospinning are significant:

  • Enhanced cell viability: Encapsulating cells within fibers protects them from harsh conditions during electrospinning, improving their survival rate.
  • Uniform cell distribution: Bio-electrospinning ensures homogenous distribution of cells throughout the scaffold, promoting uniform tissue formation.
  • Improved cell-matrix interactions: Direct encapsulation allows intimate contact between cells and scaffold material, enhancing adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation.
Characterization of the 3DPCL-GelMA Scaffold

Characterization of the 3DPCL-GelMA Scaffold. (a) A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image showing the cross-section of melt electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers, arranged in a porous network. The scale bar represents 30 µm. (b) An SEM image depicting a 3D-printed PCL-GelMA (PG) scaffold composed of 50 stacked layers, highlighting its organized microstructure. The scale bar represents 200 µm. (e) A 3DPCL-GelMA scaffold with cells co-cultured, illustrating cell attachment and distribution within the scaffold structure. (f) A 3DPCL-GelMA scaffold after the hydrogel component has been removed, revealing the remaining fibrous architecture. Reference: Kong et al., 2024.

Beyond the Basics: Advanced Electrospinning Techniques

Researchers are continuously developing new electrospinning techniques to further enhance scaffold properties. Some advanced approaches include:

Coaxial Electrospinning

This technique uses two concentric needles to create core-shell fibers. It allows encapsulation of cells or growth factors within the core fiber structure for controlled release or targeted delivery.

Melt Electrospinning Writing (MEW)

MEW offers precise control over molten polymer deposition. This enables highly defined 3D scaffolds with controlled architecture and mechanical properties.

Combining Electrospinning with Electrospraying

Combining electrospinning with electrospraying produces 3D scaffolds that incorporate stem cells directly into their structure. This technique enhances cell integration within scaffolds.

Hybrid 3D Printing and Electrospinning

This method combines 3D printing with electrospinning to fabricate complex tissue structures like vascular patches or organ-like constructs.

These advanced techniques offer unprecedented control over scaffold properties and cell behavior, paving the way for more effective therapies in biomedical engineering tissue regeneration.

histological cross-sections of scaffolds seeded with cells

Illustration of histological cross-sections of scaffolds seeded with cells after different cultivation periods: (A) After 1 day, showing initial cell attachment and distribution (magnification: ×200). (B) After 15 days, revealing enhanced cell proliferation and scaffold integration (magnification: ×100). Scale bars: 50 µm. [Braghirolli et al., 2015].

Challenges and Future Directions

While cell-seeded scaffolds hold immense promise for tissue engineering, several challenges remain:

  • Scalability: Scaling up production while maintaining quality is critical for clinical translation.
  • Vascularization: Engineering functional blood vessels within scaffolds is essential for nutrient delivery.
  • Immune response: Minimizing immune reactions is vital for long-term success.

Future Research Goals

Future research efforts will focus on:

  • Developing biomaterials with improved biocompatibility.
  • Incorporating bioactive molecules like growth factors into scaffolds.
  • Designing more sophisticated scaffold architectures that mimic native tissues.
  • Promoting vascularization strategies while minimizing immune responses.

Conclusion

Cell-seeded scaffolds represent a groundbreaking advancement in biomedical engineering. By combining innovative technologies like collagen electrospinning cell seeding with advanced fabrication techniques such as bio-electrospinning or coaxial electrospinning, researchers are pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in regenerative medicine. With continued innovation, these technologies could revolutionize treatments for injuries and diseases—bringing us closer to a future where personalized tissue implants are readily available.

References:

Author: Wee-Eong TEO

  1. Ang H Y, Irvine S A, Avrahami R, Sarig U, Bronshtein T, Zussman E, Boey F Y C, Machluf M, Venkatraman. Characterization of a bioactive fiber scaffold with entrapped HUVECs in coaxial electrospun core-shell fiber. Biomatter 2014; 4: e28238. View
  2. Braghirolli D I, Zamboni F, Acasigua G A X, Pranke P. Association of electrospinning with electrospraying: a strategy to produce 3D scaffolds with incorporated stem cells for use in tissue engineering. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2015; 10: 5159. 
  3. Erben J, Jirkovec R, Kalous T, Klicova M, Chvojka J. The Combination of Hydrogels with 3D Fibrous Scaffolds Based on Electrospinning and Meltblown Technology. Bioengineering. 2022; 9(11):660. 
  4. Kong X, Zhu D, Hu Y, Liu C, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Tan J, Luo Y, Chen J, Xu T, Zhu L. Melt electrowriting (MEW)-PCL composite Three-Dimensional exosome hydrogel scaffold for wound healing. Materials & Design 2024; 238: 112717. 
  5. Lee H, Kim G H. Enhanced cellular activities of polycaprolactone/alginate-based cell-laden hierarchical scaffolds for hard tissue engineering applications. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2014; 430: 315.
Biomedical

Visionary solutions: electrospun implants giving new hope to nerve recovery

Posted on by Vicente Zaragozá
Implantes Electrospun en la Recuperación de Nervios Periféricos
19
Dec

The Role of Biomaterials in Treating Peripheral Nerve Injury

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) remains a significant medical challenge due to its slow recovery process and complex clinical outcomes. When a nerve is damaged, prolonged denervation can lead to muscle atrophy and reduced Schwann cell activity, both critical for axonal regeneration. In response, innovative approaches such as biomaterial-based implants have emerged as promising solutions to accelerate nerve recovery.

While drugs like ibuprofen have shown potential in promoting nerve regeneration through anti-inflammatory properties, systemic administration often causes unwanted side effects. To overcome this, electrospinning in the biomedical field has gained traction as a method for delivering drugs directly to the injury site via polymer-based scaffolds. Recently, the University College London School of Pharmacy published a study in which the team developed ibuprofen-loaded electrospun materials suitable for surgical implantation in peripheral nerve injuries using our Fluidnatek LE-50 G2 equipment.

What is Electrospinning and Why is it Ideal for Nerve Recovery?

Electrospinning is a versatile technique that transforms polymer solutions into fine, nano- to micro-scale fibers by applying a high-voltage electric field. These fibers are collected into mats that mimic the extracellular matrix of tissues, making them ideal candidates for biomedical applications, especially in nerve repair.

The advantages of electrospun materials include:

  1. Customizability: Physical properties like mechanical strength and drug release rates can be tuned.
  2. Biocompatibility: Synthetic polymers such as polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactic acid (PLA) are widely used due to their compatibility with biological systems.
  3. Sustained Drug Release: Electrospun fibers can encapsulate drugs like ibuprofen, ensuring controlled and prolonged release at the target site.

For peripheral nerve injury, electrospun wraps or implants loaded with therapeutic agents significantly enhance the healing process by delivering localized treatment, minimizing side effects.

Electrospinning and Ibuprofen Delivery for Nerve Recovery

Recent advancements have demonstrated the successful development of ibuprofen-loaded electrospun biomaterials for peripheral nerve injury. Ibuprofen, a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is known to improve nerve regeneration by inhibiting inflammatory responses and promoting neurite growth.

In a cutting-edge study, researchers optimized the use of electrospun nerve wraps fabricated from PCL, PLA, and their copolymers. The following findings underscore the potential of these polymer-based implants:

  • Optimized Fiber Properties: Electrospinning parameters were tuned to produce smooth, defect-free fibers with varying diameters. The incorporation of ibuprofen into these fibers allowed for a controlled, sustained release over 21 days.
  • Surgical Handling: User evaluations highlighted the importance of mechanical properties, with PLA/PCL (70/30) blends demonstrating superior flexibility and strength, making them ideal for nerve-wrapping applications.
  • In Vivo Performance: In animal models, ibuprofen-loaded electrospun materials accelerated nerve regeneration. Axon counts in treated nerves were significantly higher compared to controls, confirming the therapeutic effect of localized ibuprofen delivery.
electrospun material implantation procedure in a rat sciatic nerve crush model.

Photographs showing stages of electrospun material implantation procedure in a rat sciatic nerve crush model.

Polymer Selection in Electrospinning for Biomedical Implants

The success of electrospun biomaterials depends heavily on the choice of polymers. For peripheral nerve injury, polymers must exhibit biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical stability. The following polymers are commonly employed:

  1. Polylactic Acid (PLA): Known for its slow degradation rate, PLA provides a robust structure but can be brittle.
  2. Polycaprolactone (PCL): Offers excellent flexibility and strength, ideal for implants requiring pliability.
  3. PLA/PCL Copolymers: Combining the strengths of PLA and PCL, these copolymers achieve the desired balance of mechanical stability and handling ease.

In the case of ibuprofen-loaded electrospun implants, PLA/PCL (70/30) was identified as the most suitable formulation due to its superior surgical handling and sustained drug release profile.

Summary of formulation properties

Summary of formulation properties. Scanning electron micrographs (A) reveal cylindrical fibres with no visible defects. A histogram of fibre diameters (B) shows unimodal distribution for all tested formulations. Cumulative ibuprofen release data (C) present an initial burst release followed by a period of sustained release over 21 days (Each formulation was tested in triplicate, and the results are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 3)).

The Future of Electrospun Biomaterials in Nerve Repair

As research in the biomedical field advances, electrospinning continues to demonstrate immense potential for improving outcomes in nerve injuries. Key areas of future development include:

  • Scalable Manufacturing: Ensuring that electrospun materials can be mass-produced for clinical use.
  • Advanced Drug Loading: Incorporating multiple therapeutic agents for synergistic effects on nerve regeneration.
  • Clinical Trials: Translating promising in vivo results into human applications to validate the efficacy and safety of electrospun biomaterials.

Conclusion

The use of electrospinning in the biomedical field has revolutionized the development of drug-loaded implants for peripheral nerve injury. By leveraging polymers such as PLA and PCL, researchers have created biomaterials capable of delivering sustained, localized treatment, accelerating nerve regeneration and functional recovery.

Ibuprofen-loaded electrospun fibers represent a significant advancement in nerve recovery strategies, offering a targeted, effective, and minimally invasive solution. As the field continues to evolve, these innovative biomaterials hold the promise of transforming peripheral nerve injury treatment and enhancing patient outcomes.

References

Karolina Dziemidowicz, Simon C. Kellaway, Owein Guillemot-Legris, Omar Matar, Rita Pereira Trindade, Victoria H. Roberton, Melissa L.D. Rayner, Gareth R. Williams, James B. Phillips,

Development of ibuprofen-loaded electrospun materials suitable for surgical implantation in peripheral nerve injury,

Biomaterials Advances,

Volume 154, 2023, 213623,

ISSN 2772-9508,

*All images in the article are the property of the authors.

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